The Learning Journey Match It - Head To Tail Puzzle Game For Kids - Helps Interactive Child Development, Problem-Solving and Social Skills - 20 Self-Correcting Puzzle Sets - For 3+ Years

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Nováček J, Šiborová M, Benešík M, Pantůček R, Doškař J, Plevka P (2016) Structure and genome release of Twort-like Myoviridae phage with a double-layered baseplate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:9351–9356 Cardarelli L, Lam R, Tuite A, Baker LA, Sadowski PD, Radford DR, Rubinstein JL, Battaile KP, Chirgadze N, Maxwell KL, Davidson AR (2010a) The crystal structure of bacteriophage HK97 gp6: defining a large family of head-tail connector proteins. J Mol Biol 395:754–368 All entered vectors and their sum are also plotted on the graph below the results, so you can see the graphical result of the operation, where the vector sum is shown in red. The vector sum is plotted by placing vectors head to tail and drawing the vector from the free tail to the free head (so-called Parallelogram law). The result of adding 11 km, north plus 11 km, east is a vector with a magnitude of 15.6 km. Later, the method of determining the direction of the vector will be discussed. Maxwell KL, Yee AA, Arrowsmith CH, Gold M, Davidson AR (2002) The solution structure of the bacteriophage lambda head-tail joining protein, gpFII. J Mol Biol 318:1395–1404

Olia AS, Al-Bassam J, Winn-Stapley DA, Joss L, Casjens SR, Cingolani G (2006) Binding-induced stabilization and assembly of the phage P22 tail accessory factor gp4. J Mol Biol 363:558–576The head-to-tail method is employed as described above and the resultant is determined (drawn in red). Its magnitude and direction is labeled on the diagram. SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m At birth, an infant’s head is typically larger and rounder than the rest of their body. As they grow, their head will continue to grow faster than other parts of their body. This phenomenon occurs due to neurological changes that occur in infancy that help facilitate certain skills. For example, infants may be able to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs due to cephalocaudal development. Spinelli S, Veesler D, Bebeacua C, Cambillau C (2014) Structures and host-adhesion mechanisms of lactococcal siphophages. Front Microbiol 5:3 Donate LE, Herranz L, Secilla JP, Carazo JM, Fujisawa H, Carrascosa JL (1988) Bacteriophage T3 connector: three-dimensional structure and comparison with other viral head-tail connecting regions. J Mol Biol 201:91–100

Choose a scale and indicate it on a sheet of paper. The best choice of scale is one that will result in a diagram that is as large as possible, yet fits on the sheet of paper. The proximodistal principle is similar to the cephalocaudal principle, but instad of proceeding from top to bottom, it progresses from the center of the body outward. This means that development will start from core areas like arms, torso, and legs before branching out towards more peripheral areas such as fingers, toes, and face. For example, a baby might learn to sit up before they can roll over or crawl. The Proximodistal Principle It has become clear that AAA+ proteins are highly dynamic molecular motors unlikely to exist in a homogeneous structural state. Therefore we generated asymmetric reconstructions of ClpB. Although the resolution of the asymmetric structures is not sufficient to support a detailed mechanistic model, these reconstructions provide the first visualization of the MD conformational flexibility that was inferred from biochemical analysis ( Lee et al., 2003; Haslberger et al., 2007; Oguchi et al., 2012). The asymmetric structures show that the MD orientation varies around the ring occupying the repressed, wild type-like and hyperactive positions described by the symmetrised averages. The variable tilts of MDs observed around the ring suggest that 2 to 4 adjacent subunits are available for DnaK binding in the wild-type vs only 1 in the repressed mutant ( Figure 6B,C). This is consistent with the estimated stoichiometry of 2–5 molecules of DnaK per ClpB hexamer required for activation ( Seyffer et al., 2012; Desantis et al., 2014). It also suggests that at least four subunits must have detached MDs to allow activity, perhaps through movements of the AAA+ domains, in agreement with the number of ClpX subunits that hydrolyze ATP in a coordinated manner to unfold GFP in single molecule experiments ( Sen et al., 2013). Moreover, we calculated an ADP binding stoichiometry of 4 for both wild type and mutants ( Figure 6—figure supplement 3), which indicates that although ATP hydrolysis is strongly affected, detachment of the MD does not change the nucleotide binding.The cephalocaudal pattern of growth is a principle in which growth proceeds downward, starting from the head and progressing to the trunk region, then to the feet. This pattern is seen in both physical and cognitive development; for example, infants tend to learn to control their head movements before they can control their arms and legs. Additionally, children typically develop language skills before abstract thinking abilities. This pattern of growth is thought to be due to the increased complexity of controlling more distal parts of the body. Conclusion Dube P, Tavares P, Lurz R, van Heel M (1993) Bacteriophage SPP1 portal protein: a DNA pump with 13-fold symmetry. EMBO J 12:1303–1309 Lurz R, Orlova EV, Günther D, Dube P, Dröge A, Weise F, van Heel M, Tavares P (2001) Structural organisation of the head-to-tail interface of a bacterial virus. J Mol Biol 310:1027–1037 Fu CY, Prevelige PE Jr (2009) In vitro incorporation of the phage Phi29 connector complex. Virology 394:149–153

Olia AS, Casjens S, Cingolani G (2007b) Structure of phage P22 cell envelope-penetrating needle. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14:1221–1226 To see how the method works, consider the following problem: Eric leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km, north and then hikes 11 km east. Determine Eric's resulting displacement. For formation of disulfide bridges ClpB cysteine variants were first dialyzed to remove DTT. Cysteine oxidation was achieved by adding 25 μM Cu-Phenanthroline to 4 μM ClpB and incubating the mixture for 1 min at room temperature. Oxidation and disulfide bond formation was stopped by addition of 50 mM iodoacetamide and SDS-sample buffer containing 5 mM EDTA. Crosslink products were analyzed by a non-reducing SDS gradient gel (3–8%). Maxwell KL, Yee AA, Booth V, Arrowsmith CH, Gold M, Davidson AR (2001) The solution structure of bacteriophage lambda protein W, a small morphogenetic protein possessing a novel fold. J Mol Biol 308:9–14 Lebedev AA, Krause MH, Isidro AL, Vagin A, Orlova EV, Turner J, Dodson EJ, Tavares P, Antson AA (2007) Structural framework for DNA translocation via the viral portal protein. EMBO J 26:1984–1994Leiman PG, Basler M, Ramagopal UA, Bonanno JB, Sauder JM, Pukatzki S, Burley SK, Almo SC, Mekalanos JJ (2009) Type VI secretion apparatus and phage tail-associated protein complexes share a common evolutionary origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:4154–4159

in vivo screens for inhibitors of any target protein of interest. In particular, the Split Intein Circular Ligation of Protein and Peptides (SICLOPPS) system exploits spontaneous protein splicing of inteins to produce intracellular cyclic peptides. A previous SICLOPPS screen against Aurora B kinase, which plays a critical role during chromosome segregation, identified several candidate inhibitors that we sought to recapitulate by chemical synthesis. We describe the syntheses of cyclic peptide hits and analogs via solution-phase macrocyclization of side chain-protected linear peptides obtained from standard solid-phase peptide synthesis. Cyclic peptide targets, including cyclo-[CTWAR], were designed to match both the variable portions and conserved cysteine residue of their genetically-encoded counterparts. Synthetic products were characterized by tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry to analyze a combination of exact mass, isotopic pattern, and collisional dissociation-induced fragmentation pattern. The latter analyses facilitated the distinction between targets and oligomeric side products, and served to confirm peptidic sequences in a manner that can be readily extended to analyses of complex biological samples. This alternative chemical synthesis approach for cyclic peptides allows cost-effective validation and facile chemical elaboration of hit candidates from SICLOPPS screens.

The cephalocaudal trend is often contrasted with proximodistal development which refers to growth that occurs from the center of the body outward towards its periphery. This type of growth is seen in infants as they learn how to move arms before they can control fine finger movement. Hu B, Margolin W, Molineux IJ, Liu J (2015) Structural remodeling of bacteriophage T4 and host membranes during infection initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:E4919–E4928